The conventional activated sludge process consists of an aeration basin with lower hydraulic retention time, where treatment is accomplished with air as the oxygen source. Here, the raw sewage enters the primary clarifier first. The Soluble (dissolved) organic materials are absorbed through the cell walls of the microorganisms and into the cells, where they are broken down and converted to more microorganisms, carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Insoluble (solid) particles are adsorbed on the cell walls, transformed to a soluble form by enzymes (biological catalysts) secreted by the microorganisms, and absorbed through the cell wall, where they are also digested and used by the microorganisms in their life-sustaining processes.

In extended aeration process, the raw sewage goes straight to the aeration tank for treatment where we have a higher hydraulic retention time. The whole process is aerobic. This simplification implies longer aeration time which has earned for the process the name "extended aeration". The BOD and COD removal efficiency in the extended aeration process is higher than the conventional activated sludge process. Treated effluent of EAP can be reused after tertiary treatment.

The principle of the Carrousel system is based upon the general oxidation ditch technology. A Carrousel basin is shaped like a race track and has a central, longitudinal partition wall. While the wastewater is circulating around the channel, micro-organisms break down the organic compounds, nitrogen and phosphorus containing wastewater. Depending on which mode of system is employed, the intensive internal circulation exposes the activated sludge to a sequence of aerobic, anoxic as well as anaerobic conditions.

The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) will be used under non-steady state conditions. In SBR true batch mode, filling cum aeration, sedimentation & decantation occurs in the same basin or tank. The main difference between SBR and conventional continuous-flow activated sludge system is that the SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization, aeration and sedimentation in a time sequence rather than in the conventional sequence of continuous-flow systems. In the case of SBR secondary clarifier is not required. SBR is a fill-and-draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch” reactor, treated to remove undesirable constituents, and then discharged. Equalization, aeration, and clarification can all be achieved using a single batch reactor. To optimize the performance of the system, two or more batch reactors are used in a predetermined sequence of operations. SBR systems have been successfully used to treat both municipal and industrial wastewater SBR provides a high degree of treatment to the contents where extensive removal of BOD, COD, TSS, TKN, TP and Coliform is accomplished.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential growth elements for microorganisms used in wastewater treatment; therefore, during all biological treatment, some level of nutrient removal occurs. The resulting cell mass contains about 12 percent nitrogen and 2 percent phosphorus by weight. When a treatment system is engineered to remove nutrients greater than these metabolic amounts, it is called biological nutrient removal (BNR). In essence, BNR is comprised of two processes:

• Biological nitrogen removal and
• Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR).

Key biological nitrogen removal reactions are nitrification and denitrification. Other related reactions include ammonification (conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia nitrogen) and nitrogen uptake for cell growth.

It is considered as the most promising technology for the treatment of wastewater. The effluents which have been produced from this technology are extremely pure and are appropriate for immediate use. The micro and ultrafiltration membranes have been used for the separation of sludge and biologically purified wastewater.

The added advantage of this system is the fact that the filtrate is virtually free of suspended solids and bacteria since these cannot pass the membranes. The filtrate will thus be ready for reuse or for further treatment by reverse osmosis.

MBBR system is an innovative biological treatment process using thousands of special carriers designed to create an enormous total surface area for biofilm growth enhancing your wastewater treatment process without expanding your footprint. The process is simple, robust, and requires minimal operator intervention. Wastewater is introduced into a single or multiple-stage system (depending on whether Nitrogen removal is required), each of which contains a suitable volume of biomass carriers.

This technology combines biodegradation and absorption in one system. A water scrubber is packed with microorganisms that live within a unique biobed media, which is a fixed bed of low volume, high surface area media made of inorganic material into which bacteria are inoculated. When odiferous air is drawn into the system and passed through the biobed. The microorganisms will uptake H2S or VOC as part of their respective metabolic pathway. Several species of microorganisms can oxidize H2S to form odourless sulphuric acid.

This Process has various benefits such as…

Virtually maintenance free, Compact in size, Low operating cost, Low maintenance cost, complete breakdown of odour compounds.

A rotating biological contactor or RBC is a biological treatment process used in the treatment of wastewater following primary treatment. The primary treatment process removes the grit and other solids through a screening process followed by a period of settlement. The RBC process involves allowing the wastewater to come in contact with a biological medium in order to remove pollutants in the wastewater before discharge of the treated wastewater to the environment, usually a body of water (river, lake or ocean). A rotating biological contactor is a type of secondary treatment process. It consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel discs mounted on a rotating shaft which is supported just above the surface of the waste water.

A process and apparatus for the treatment of waste water utilizing a down flow or up flow system incorporating a suitable media or biological growth wherein air is sparged into the media on an intermittent or pulsed flow basis at selected time intervals and the pulsed application of air allows the trapping of the air bubbles in the media bed based at least in part on particulate media size, shape and biofilm growth and thereby provides a more significant avenue of oxygen transfer due to a prolonged exposure of the air bubbles with the biomass and the absorption of oxygen directly from the film of the bubbles to the biofilm in addition to transferring from surrounding liquid due only to oxygen diffusion.

A specially formulated compound in solution in an aromatic solvent which is readily soluble in fuel oil and which acts as a combustion catalyst by increasing the speed of oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons during the process of heavy fuel oil combustion.

Combustion Improver Catalyst is a flexible way to optimize the use of heavy fuel oils and exhibits the following main properties:

• Reduces significantly the amount of soot and unburnt hydrocarbons (more than 50%) formed during the combustion of heavy fuel oils
• Allows reducing the excess air used during the combustion process
• Improves the flame homogeneity and allows to achieve a more stable yield of combustion along the time
• Reduces deposits on heat transfer surfaces and consequently allows to achieve a more efficient heat transfer in the convection zone
• As a consequence, reduction in fuel consumption is achieved.

• Reduces the unburnt solids by at least 50%
• Decreases emission of Black smoke & Co. Gas
• Reduces NOx by at least 30%
• Satisfies environmental considerations

Combustion Improver Catalyst must be stored and handled at ambient temperatures not lower than minus 3'C. Carbon Steel, stainless steel, poly ethylene, polypropylene or Teflon may be used for construction of storage.

The recommended blending method is either by direct injection in the fuel line by a dosing pump or by addition into the fuel storage tank or in the tanker before decantation of the fuel.

High Performance Multifunctional additive to solve Combustion and Sludge formation problems in fuel oil. Asphaltene + O2 C + CO + CO2 + H2O

Because of the partial combustion, CO and C are not burnt completely. This additive makes the Asphaltenes break down and helps the molecules to burn easily to give more energy. Normally this additive is dosed @ 500 to 750 ppm. Blending should be done in main tanks or storage tanks or tank trucks. This is a blend of performance improvers and its functions are given below:

• Disintegrates the existing sludge molecules into fine Asphaltene molecules.
• Avoids formation of sludge and keeps the Asphaltenes in well dispersed state.
• Combustion Catalyst breaks down the Asphaltenes into smaller molecules, helps these broken molecules to burn by catalyzing the tough step of carbon monoxide formation, thus improving the heavy fuel oil to burn better, release more heat and as a result, saves fuel.

Chemical:

• Increases speed of combustion of oil.
• Accelerates combustion of unburnt hydrocarbons

Mechanical:

• Reduces excess air requirement
• Reduces heat loss through heat transfer
• Enhances heat transfer efficiency

Economic Benefits:

• Effects 4% fuel savings, and enhance life of equipment
• Sludge converts into good oil. Saves time, effort and labour by avoiding tank cleaning

Environmental Benefits:

• Reduces smoke, soot and particulate matter in flue gas
• Reduces NOx by at least 30%; avoids sludge formation and hence sludge handling difficulties.

Added to the function of combustion improver, it reduces deposits in the high temperature zones of the thermic fluid heater / boiler so as to make the thermic fluid heater or the boiler operate on the peak capacity all the times. Avoids corrosion of heat exchanger tubes and premature failure of high temperature surfaces.